All the information is adapted from a book with title Manik-Manik di Indonesia (Beads In Indonesia). This hardcover book was published in 1993. And it seem to be rare book. We hope the author of the book doesn't mind if the contents of his book to be rewritten on this blog.
- Hardcover: 164 pages
- Publisher: Djambatan; Second edition (1993)
- Authors : Sumarah Adhyatman & Redjeki Arifin
- Language: Indonesia & English
- ISBN-10: 9794281697
- ISBN-13: 978-9794281697
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(kiri) Relief batu candi Borobudur abad ke-9 menggambarkan wanita bangsawan dengan kalung kalung manik dilehernya. Dari Bernet Kempers,1959,gb.84
(left) A stone relief at the candi Borobudur, 9th C of a lady of noble birth, around her neck are necklaces of beads. From Bernet Kempers,pl.84
(kanan) Patung batu seorang ratu ditemukan di Tulungagung, Jawa Timur, masa Majapahit, abad 14, mengenakan kalung rumit diduga meniru hiasan dari emas. Dari Bernet Kempers,1959,gb.265
(right) A stone statue of a queen from Tulungagung, East Java, Majapahit period, 14th C, wearing intricates necklaces most probably, imitating gold jewelry. From Bernet Kempers, 1959, pl.265
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Pendahuluan
Introduction
Manik adalah benda benda yang biasanya berbentuk bulat, dilubangi dan dironce guna menghias badan atau sebuah benda. Manik dibuat dari berbagai bahan seperti kulit kerang, kayu, getah kayu, biji bijian, merjan, keramik, bati, kaca dan logam.
Beads are objects usually of round shape, which are pierced and strung together to decorate the body or an object. They are made of different materials such as shell, bones, wood, wood-resin, seeds, coral, ceramics, stone, metal and glass.
Daya tahannya, kemudahan membawa serta daya tariknya yang universil telah menjadikan manik mata uang di berbagai belahan dunia ini.
Their durability, portability and universal attraction have made beads units of currency in many parts of the world.
Manik mewakili bentuk seni yang paling tua dan boleh jadi merupakan perhiasan tahan lama pertama manusia yang digandrungi bukan saja karena keindahannya tapi juga karena kemampuannya menolak bala.
They represent the oldest form of art and were probably the first durable ornaments of men desired not only for their beauty but also for their protective qualities.
Di Indonesia manik ditemukan di ekskavasi arkeologis dekat situs candi atau tempat keagamaan, situs pemukiman dan di dalam kuburan. Manik juga masih banyak dipakai sebagai perhiasan pada upacara tradisional dan dianggap sebagai pusaka berharga dibeberapa tempat di Indonesia.
In Indonesia, beads are found in archaeological excavantions near temples or religious sites, sttlements and in graves. Many are still worn as jewelry on traditional ceremonies and regarded as important pusakas in some places in Indonesia.
Tampaknya, di Indonesia, sejak zaman purbakala manik telah memainkan peranan penting dalam upacara upacara kematian karena banyak yang ditemukan dalam kuburan kuburan batu zaman prasejarah (sebelum 400M) seperti di Pasemah, Sumatera, Jawa Barat, Gunung Kidul, Jawa Tengah, Besuki, Jawa Timur dan di Gilimanuk, Bali. Manik manik itu sering ditemukan bersama dengan perkakas dari besi, perunggu dan perhiasan dari emas dan gerabah. Manik dapat pula digunakan sebagai perhiasan. Patung patung prasejarah di Pasemah dan berbagai situs prasejarah lainnya memakai manik.
It appears that since prehistoric times beads have played an important role in funerary rites in Indonesia as they are found in various stone grave sites from the prehistoric period (before AD 400) as in Pasemah, Sumatera, West Java, Gunung Kidul, Central Java, Besuki, East Java and in Gilimanuk, Bali. The beads were often found together with iron tools, bronze and gold ornaments and pottery. Beads may also be used as adornment. Prehistorical statues at Pasemah and various prehistoric sites are wearing beads.
Pada periode klasik (500M - 1500M) manik mungkin digunakan sebagai manik upacara keagamaan dan juga sebagai perhiasan. Relief batu pada candi Budha Borobudur menampilkan para wanita yang memakai kalung manik. Pada situs berlatar belakang agama Budha seperti Palembang dan Muara Jambi di Sumatera manik ditemukan dalam jumlah yang lebih besar daripada di pusat pusat kerajaan seperti Trowulan di Jawa Timur.
In the classical period (AD 500 - AD 1500) beads might have been used as ceremonial prayer beads and also as adornment. Stone reliefs at the Buddhist temple Candi Borobudur depict ladies wearing necklaces of beads. In sites with Buddhistic backgrounds like Palembang and Muara Jambi in Sumatera beads were found in greater quantity than in royal centers like Trowulan in East Java.
Sekitar 1400M, kegemaran memakai manik diistana mungkin telah menghilang. Patung batu dari wanita kerajaan Majapahit, Jawa Timur (1292M - 1522M) memakai kalung yang menyerupai perhiasan emas. Sementara itu kini manik masih berperan penting sebagai perhiasan dan tanda kebesaran, demikian pula dalam upacara upacara tradisional di berbagai bagian Indonesia khususnya di Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara dan Irian Jaya.
About AD 1400, the fashion of wearing beads in the court might have disappeared. Stone statues of royal ladies of the Majapahit period, East Java (AD 1293 - AD 1522) are waering necklaces resembling gold jewelry. For the present, beads still play an important role as adornment and status symbol as well as in traditional ceremonies in various parts of Indonesia especially in Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara and Irian Jaya.
Manik lama dari Mesir, India, Cina, Asia Barat dan Eropa juga ditemukan disini. Beberapa contoh manik dari tiga negeri negeri yang pertama disebut, berasal dari tahun 200M. Ini menunjuk pada hubungan dini Indonesia dengan dunia luar sejak awal tarikh Masehi. Jawa (Yeh-t'iao *Garnet 1987, 27 dan Volmer et al, 1983, 28 O.W. Wolters 1967, 34 dan lampiran B, menyangkal saran Pelliot 1904, bahwa Yeh-t'iao adalah transkripsi awal nama Jawa dan episode Huangzhi, namun dewasa ini para ilmuwan Cina sependapat dengan pandangan Pelliot. Berdasarkan laporan Orsoy de Flines 1972 keramik Han telah ditemukan di Banten, Jawa Barat dan di Kerinci, di mata air Sungai Musi, Sumatera*) sudah disebut dalam Hou Han Shu (sejarah dari Han) di tahun 132M. Bab 28 dalam Hou Han Shu juga mengatakan bahwa rakyat dari kepulauan Huangzhi mengarungi lautan dan membeli mutiara, kaca, sutra dan sebagainya dengan emas. Mata dagang Indonesia yang disebut dalam laporan sejarah masa awal adalah emas, kapur barus, kayu cendana, rempah rempah dan cula badak. Berdasarkan sumber sumber dari Yunani dan India perdagangan dengan India dan Asia Barat pada awal tarikh Masehi sudah berjalan ramai.
Old beads from Egypt, India, China, West Asia and Europe are also found here. Some speciments from the first three countries date to AD 200. This indicates the early contacts of Indonesia with the outside worls since the beginning of the Christian era. Java (Yeh-t'iao *Garnet 1987, 27 and Volmer et al. 1983, 28. O.W. Wolters 1967, 34 and appendix B, refuted Pelliot's suggestion 1904 that Yeh-t'iao was an early transcription of Java and the Huangzhi episode, but at present Chinese scholars share Pelliot's view. Based on Orsoy de Flines reports 1972 Han ceramics were found in Banten, West Java and in Kerinci, at the source of the Musi river in Sm=umatera* ) has been mentioned in the Hou Han Shu (the history of the Han) in AD 132. Chapter 28 of the Hou Han Shu also mentions that people of Huangzhi islands sail the seas and buy pearls, glass, silk etc with gold. Indonesian items of trade mentioned in early historical reports were gold, camphor, fragant wood, species and rhinoceros horns. Based on Greek and Indian sources trade with India and West Asia was well on its way in the early Christian centuries.
Manik lama dari beberapa jenis yang sama, ada dengan warna berbeda, telah ditemukan di negeri negeri tetangga seperti Sri Langka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cina, Korea Selatan, Filipina, Malaysia dan Brunei. Hal ini dapat mencerminkan kebiasaan dan selera yang berlaku umum di setiap kawasan. Perdagangan manik tidak selalu dalam bentuk produk akhir. Bahan baku lebih sering diperdagangkan daripada manik jadi. Sejak zaman Romawi batang kaca mosaik yang sudah dijadikan manik, sudah merupakan mata dagang penting. Dengan peredaran batang batang tersebut, kaca mosaik yang rumit menjadi terjangkau bagi industri kaca yang kurang canggih.
Several identical types of old beads, some of different colors have been found in neighbouring countries such as Sri Langka, Thailand, Vietnam, China, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. This might reflect the prevailing customs and taste in each region. The trade in beads was not always in the shape of finished products, raw materials have been traded more often than finished beads. Mosaic glass bars from which beads could be easily manufactured were an important trade item since the Roman period. By distributing the bars, complex mosaic glass was made available to less sophisticated glass industries.
on June 5th 2012
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